Osteoarthritis is one of the most common degenerative joint diseases. It is characterized by progressive cartilage degradation, pain, restricted mobility, and increasing impairment in everyday life. A particular challenge is that articular cartilage has only a limited capacity for regeneration and structural damage frequently continues to worsen.

Severe bleeding from internal organs is one of the greatest challenges in surgery and trauma care. The liver, spleen, kidneys, and lungs are particularly difficult to treat because these organs are soft, highly vascularized, and mechanically delicate. Conventional methods such as suturing, cauterization, or vessel ligation are not always feasible and may additionally damage healthy tissue.

Diabetes mellitus significantly impairs bone healing. Elevated glucose levels promote oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and impaired activity of bone-forming cells. As a result, bone defects in patients with diabetes often heal more slowly or incompletely. In addition, the increased risk of infection can further compromise regeneration.

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) remain a major global challenge. Pathogenic microorganisms can persist for extended periods on high-touch surfaces, contributing to the spread of infections in clinical environments. Conventional cleaning and disinfection procedures provide only temporary protection, creating a growing demand for materials capable of delivering continuous antimicrobial activity directly at the surface.